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Coal in the Next-Gen GST Reforms: Sustainability or Structural Strain?
The Next-Gen GST reforms introduced in September 2025 mark a major restructuring of India’s indirect tax system. The policy reform significantly alters the coal sector by increasing the tax slab from 5% to 18%, and eliminating compensation cess. This article raises the question of whether this reform projected as a step towards simplicity and sustainability in fact poses deeper structural challenges. It begins by analysing the impact on coal-producing states, and subsequently
Srushti Mangesh Khule
May 127 min read
The Green Tax Conflict: A Critical Study of Section 115BBG and the Evolving Carbon Credit Trading Scheme in India
At present, the Indian transition to a mandatory emissions trading system is being hindered by a “green tax trap” owing to the incongruence between climate commitments and taxation regimes. While the government has launched the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) [1] to fulfil its commitment to achieve Net-Zero by 2070, the Income Tax Act of 1961 remains entrenched in the “Kyoto Protocol era.” Under Section 115BBG,[2] carbon credits are liable to a 10% flat tax on gross recei
CTL
May 716 min read
Dodging or Dealmaking? Decoding the Principal Purpose Test for Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements in India and Beyond.
The study examines the implementation of the Principal Purpose Test (PPT) as a key anti-abuse measure in India’s tax treaty network, analysing its effectiveness in curbing treaty shopping for tax avoidance while maintaining legitimate cross-border investments. The study reveals that the test is a significant advancement in international tax policy as an anti-abuse measure. However, its implementation raises complex practical and interpretational challenges that require carefu
Deepika Muskan and Sakshi Vardhan
Apr 1824 min read
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